Specifically, KPV is a fragment of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (-MSH), a larger peptide with anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and fever-reducing properties.1 Even more specifically, the fragment in question is the C-terminal region of -MSH, which is particularly good at neutralizing pathogens.2 While many therapeutic peptides are taken exclusively by needle, KPV stands apart in that it can also be administered as an oral capsule or chewable tablet
Side Effects, Risks & Regulatory Notes Most people tolerate vitamin B12 injections well, but injection-site soreness, transient swelling, or redness can occur
Five mechanistic axes are documented: 1
Payandeh Z, Rajabibazl M, Mortazavi Y, Rahimpour A, Taromchi AH